Diabetes Type II Pathophysiology
Hello in this video we’re gonna talk about diabetes, pathophysiology. This is an overview specifically focusing on diabetes type 2. Diabetes. Type 2 is a problem where the hormone insulin, which is normally secreted by the pancreas, does not actually work properly.
The pancreas is an organ sitting behind the stomach and secretes many things for digestion, but also it produces and secretes hormones, which are very important for metabolism. One of these hormones is insulin which is produced in response to high blood glucose.
An example is, after we eat glucose, enters our blood and then here it will stimulate the pancreas to produce insulin. If we’re continuing on with the pathophysiology of diabetes, we actually need to understand what normally happens and how insulin works.
In a normal scenario, so again here is the circulation. Here is the liver, and here is the pancreas. The pancreas is the organ that produces insulin, and here is the adipose tissue fat. Basically – and here is the muscle cells skeletal muscles and on these organs on these cells of these organs, there are receptors for insulin so again, high blood glucose will stimulate insulin, production and insulin release from the pancreas.
The insulin will then target these different organs by binding onto insulin, receptors or insulin, sensitive proteins with the sole purpose of decreasing blood glucose levels, the binding of insulin to its receptor or protein triggers a cascade of events within a cell, leading to the increased uptake of Glucose from circulation in this is done, for example, by producing more glucose channels or transporters on the surface of cells.
Allowing glucose to move from the blood into the cells of the organs. Insulin also promotes glucose storage in the liver insulin, stimulates glycolysis and glyco. Genesis to store glucose as glycogen insulin also stimulates glucose to be stored as fat, which will be subsequently transported to adipose tissue.
So, going back to our first diagram, remember: high blood glucose stimulates insulin release in type 2 diabetes. There is insulin resistance, which means that the receptors insulin works on usually does not actually work properly or as effectively, and so insulin essentially does not work properly.
On liver, adipose, tissue and skeletal muscle and as a result, there will be high blood glucose levels for longer periods of time now, insulin resistance occurs because of a number of variety of factors, including genetics, family predisposition, bad eating habits and also obesity.
So because of insulin resistance, glucose cannot be taken up by all these different organs, and so you have high blood glucose, because there is high blood glucose. The pancreas is told to secrete more insulin, despite not changing the fact that insulin sensitivity is present with persistent high blood glucose, the glucose will travel to the kidneys and be secreted out.
This is called glucose. Urea glucose urea will result in osmotic diuresis. What does that mean? Well, glucose will essentially drag water with it because it is a solute, and so the person will stop peeing more polyuria with constant polyuria.
You get loss of water and you get loss of electrolytes. The loss of water and the loss of electrolyte leads to two main things: one dehydration, because of the loss of water and two hyperosmolar state hyperosmolar state, is a medical emergency which will not be really discussed here.
The dehydration will stimulate the brain to drink more water, so we get polydipsia insulin. Resistance can actually lead to polyphagia, which means the urge to eat more or the feeling of hunger. And how does this happen? Well, if there is high blood glucose and it doesn’t go into the tissues that need it, though the organ will say: hey I’m, not receiving enough food feed me, and so you get polyphagia, prolonged dehydration in serious cases can Lead to renal failure because of the decrease of blood flow going to the kidneys.
Remember that insulin has many functions in the liver and because of insulin resistance. Glucose is not stored properly. Instead, you can get the opposite. You can get the liver actually releasing more glucose.
In the attempt to supply the organs that need it, it is important to know that, with prolonged insulin, resistance, eventually, the cells in the pancreas that produces insulin called the beta cells. These beta cells will atrophy because the body is not responding to the insulin properly, and so this will further cause problems and the person the person who has diabetes will eventually need to be on insulin injections to compensate
